Difference between revisions of "Tallman lettering"

  

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Tallman lettering (or Tall Man lettering) is the practice of writing part of a drug's name in upper case letters to help distinguish sound-alike, look-alike drugs from one another in order to avoid medication errors.
+
Tallman lettering (or Tall Man lettering) is the practice of writing part of a drug's name in upper case letters to help distinguish sound-alike, look-alike drugs from one another in order to avoid medication errors. Several studies have shown that highlighting sections of drug names using tallman letters can help distinguish similar drug names, making them less prone to mix-ups. ISMP, FDA, The Joint Commission, and other safety-conscious organizations have promoted the use of tallman letters as one means of reducing confusion between similar drug names.
  
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'''This article is only a ''stub'' and needs expanded.'''
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Below are two lists with recommendations for the use of tallman lettering. The first list is of FDA-approved established drug names with recommended tallman letters, which were first identified during the FDA Name Differentiation Project. The second list is of additional drug names with recommendations from ISMP regarding the use and placement of tallman letters.
 +
 
 +
==FDA's list==
 +
The following is a [[Food and Drug Administration]] approved list of generic drug names with tallman letters. The medications have been grouped to emphasize which medications are commonly mistaken by having sound sound-alike, look-alike names.
 +
 
 +
{| cellpadding="10" class="wikitable"
 +
| style="color: white; background-color: #3f4c6b;" | '''Established Name''' 
 +
| style="color: white; background-color: #3f4c6b;" | '''Recommended Name'''
 +
|-
 +
| acetohexamide<br />acetazolamide  || acetaHEXAMIDE<br />acetaZOLAMIDE
 +
|-
 +
| bupropion<br />buspirone || buPROPion<br />busPIRone
 +
|-
 +
| chlorpromazine<br />chlorpropamide || chlorproMAZINE<br />chlorproPAMIDE
 +
|-
 +
| clomiphene<br />clomipramine || clomiPHENE<br />clomiPRAMINE
 +
|-
 +
| cyclosporine<br />cycloserine || cycloSPORINE<br />cycloSERINE
 +
|-
 +
| daunorubicin<br />doxorubicin || DAUNOrubicin<br />DOXOrubicin
 +
|-
 +
| dimenhydrinate<br />diphenhydramine || dimenhyDRINATE<br />diphenhydrAMINE
 +
|-
 +
| dobutamine<br />dopamine || DOBUTamine<br />DOPamine
 +
|-
 +
| glipizide<br />glyburide || glipiZIDE<br />glyBURIDE
 +
|-
 +
| hydralazine<br />hydromorphone<br />hydroxyzine || hydrALAZINE<br />HYDROmorphone<br />hydrOXYzine
 +
|-
 +
| medroxyprogesterone<br />methylprednisolone<br />methyltestosterone<br />mitoxantrone || medroxyPROGESTERone<br />methylPREDNISolone<br />methylTESTOSTERone<br />mitoXANTRONE
 +
|-
 +
| nicardipine<br />nifedipine || niCARdipine<br />NIFEdipine
 +
|-
 +
| prednisone<br />prednisolone || predniSONE<br />prednisoLONE
 +
|-
 +
| risperidone<br />ropinirole || risperiDONE<br />rOPINIRole
 +
|-
 +
| sulfadiazine<br />sulfisoxazole || sulfADIAZINE<br />sulfiSOXAZOLE
 +
|-
 +
| tolazamide<br />tolbutamide || TOLAZamide<br />TOLBUTamide
 +
|-
 +
| vinblastine<br />vincristine || vinBLAStine<br />vinCRIStine
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==ISMP's list==
 +
The following is an Institute for Safe Medication Practices recommended list of drug names with tallman letters. The medications have been grouped to emphasize which medications are commonly mistaken by having sound sound-alike, look-alike names.
 +
 
 +
{| cellpadding="10" class="wikitable"
 +
| style="color: white; background-color: #3f4c6b;" | '''Established Name''' 
 +
| style="color: white; background-color: #3f4c6b;" | '''Recommended Name'''
 +
|-
 +
| alprazolam<br />lorazepam  || ALPRAZolam<br />LORazepam
 +
|-
 +
| amiloride<br />amlodipine  || aMILoride<br />amLODIPine
 +
|-
 +
| aripirazole<br />rabeprazole || ARIPiprazole<br />RABEprazole
 +
|-
 +
| Avinza<br />Invanz || AVINza<br />INVanz
 +
|-
 +
| azacitidine<br />azathioprine || azaCITIDine<br />azaTHIOprine
 +
|-
 +
| carbamazepine<br />oxcarbazepine || carBAMazepine<br />OXcarbazepine
 +
|-
 +
| carboplatin<br />cisplatin || CARBOplatin<br />CISplatin
 +
|-
 +
| cefazolin<br />cefotetan<br />cefoxitin<br />ceftazidime<br />ceftriaxone || ceFAZolin<br />cefoTEtan<br />cefOXitin<br />cefTAZidime<br />cefTRIAXone
 +
|-
 +
| Celebrex<br />Celexa || CeleBREX<br />CeleXA
 +
|-
 +
| chlordiazepoxide<br />chlopromazine || chlodiazePOXIDE<br />chlorproMAZINE
 +
|-
 +
| clonazepam<br />clonidine<br />clozapine<br />Klonopin<br />lorazepam || clonazePAM<br />cloNIDine<br />cloZAPine<br />KlonoPIN<br />LORazepam
 +
|-
 +
| dactinomycin<br />daptomycin || DACTINomycin<br />DAPTOmycin
 +
|-
 +
| docetaxel<br />paclitaxel || DOCEtaxel<br />PACLitaxel
 +
|-
 +
| doxorubicin<br />idarubicin || DOXOrubicin<br />IDArubicin
 +
|-
 +
| duloxetine<br />fluoxetine<br />paroxetine || DULoxetine<br />FLUoxetine<br />PARoxetine
 +
|-
 +
| ephedrine<br />epinephrine || ePHEDrine<br />EPINEPHrine
 +
|-
 +
| fentanyl<br />sufentanil || fentaNYL<br />SUFentanil
 +
|-
 +
| flavoxate<br />fluphenazine<br />fluvoxamine || flavoxATE<br />fluPHENAZine<br />fluvoxaMINE
 +
|-
 +
| guaifenesin<br />guanfacine || guaiFENesin<br />guanFACINE
 +
|-
 +
| Humalog<br />Humulin || HomaLOG<br />HumuLIN
 +
|-
 +
| hydrocodone<br />oxycodone<br />Oxycontin || HYDROcodone<br />oxyCODONE<br />OxyCONTIN
 +
|-
 +
| hydromorphone<br />morphine || HYDROmorphone<br />morphine
 +
|-
 +
| infliximab<br />rituximab || inFLIXimab<br />riTUXimab
 +
|-
 +
| isotretinoin<br />tretinoin || ISOtretinoin<br />tretinoin
 +
|-
 +
| Lamictal<br />Lamisil || LaMICtal<br />LamISIL
 +
|-
 +
| lamivudine<br />lamotrigine || lamiVUDine<br />lamoTRIgine
 +
|-
 +
| levetiracetam<br />levocarnitine || levETIRAcetam<br />levOCARNitine
 +
|-
 +
| metformin<br />metronidazole || metFORMIN<br />metroNIDAZOLE
 +
|-
 +
| mitomycin<br />mitoxantrone || mitoMYcin<br />mitoXANtrone
 +
|-
 +
| Nexavar<br />Nexium || NexAVAR<br />NexIUM
 +
|-
 +
| nicardipine<br />nifedipine<br />nimodipine || niCARdipine<br />NIFEdipine<br />niMODipine
 +
|-
 +
| Novolin<br />Novolog || NovoLIN<br />NovoLOG
 +
|-
 +
| olanzapine<br />quetiapine || OLANZipine<br />QUEtiapine
 +
|-
 +
| pemetrexed<br />pralatrexate || PEMEtrexed<br />PRALAtrexate
 +
|-
 +
| pentobarbital<br />phenobarbital || PENTobarbital<br />PHENobarbital
 +
|-
 +
| Prilosec<br />Prozac || PriLOSEC<br />PROzac
 +
|-
 +
| quinidine<br />quinine || quiNIDine<br />quiNINE
 +
|-
 +
| Risperidal<br />risperidone<br />ropinirole || RisperDAL<br />risperiDONE<br />rOPINIRole
 +
|-
 +
| romidepsin<br />romiplostim || romiDEPsin<br />romiPLOStim
 +
|-
 +
| Sandimmune<br />Sandostatin || SandIMMUNE<br />SandoSTATIN
 +
|-
 +
| Seroquel<br />Sinequan || SEROquel<br />SINEquan
 +
|-
 +
| sitagliptin<br />sumatriptan<br />zolmitriptan || sitaGLIPtin<br />SUMAtriptan<br />ZOLMitriptan
 +
|-
 +
| Solu-Cortef<br />Solu-Medrol || Solu-CORTEF<br />Solu-MEDROL
 +
|-
 +
| sorafenib<br />sunitinib || SORAfenib<br />SUNItinib
 +
|-
 +
| sulfadiazine<br />sulfasalazine || sulfADIAZINE<br />sulfaSALAzine
 +
|-
 +
| Tegretol<br />Trental || TEGretol<br />TRENtal
 +
|-
 +
| tiagabine<br />tizanidine || tiaGABine<br />tiZANidine
 +
|-
 +
| tramadol<br />trazodone || traMADol<br />traZODone
 +
|-
 +
| valacyclovir<br />valganciclovir || valACYclovir<br />valGANciclovir
 +
|-
 +
| Zyprexa<br />Zyrtec || ZyPREXA<br />ZyrTEC
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==Difficulties with tallman lettering==
 +
 
 +
One of the difficulties with the use of tallman lettering includes inconsistent application in health settings and lack of standardization regarding which letters to present in uppercase.
 +
 
 +
==See also==
 +
[[Five rights]]<br />
 +
[[MedWatch]]<br />
 +
[[Drug recalls]]<br />
 +
[[Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System]]<br />
 +
[[Antidote]]<br />
 +
[[Medication errors]]<br />
 +
[[High-alert medications]]<br />
 +
[[Barcoding technologies]]<br />
 +
[[Medication safety]]
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
#ISMP, FDA and ISMP Lists of Look-Alike Drug Names with Recommended Tall Man Letters, http://ismp.org/Tools/tallmanletters.pdf
 +
#FDA, Name Differentiation Project, http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/MedicationErrors/ucm164587.htm
 +
#Wikipedia, Tall man lettering, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_Man_lettering

Latest revision as of 03:30, 3 June 2013

Tallman lettering (or Tall Man lettering) is the practice of writing part of a drug's name in upper case letters to help distinguish sound-alike, look-alike drugs from one another in order to avoid medication errors. Several studies have shown that highlighting sections of drug names using tallman letters can help distinguish similar drug names, making them less prone to mix-ups. ISMP, FDA, The Joint Commission, and other safety-conscious organizations have promoted the use of tallman letters as one means of reducing confusion between similar drug names.

Below are two lists with recommendations for the use of tallman lettering. The first list is of FDA-approved established drug names with recommended tallman letters, which were first identified during the FDA Name Differentiation Project. The second list is of additional drug names with recommendations from ISMP regarding the use and placement of tallman letters.

FDA's list

The following is a Food and Drug Administration approved list of generic drug names with tallman letters. The medications have been grouped to emphasize which medications are commonly mistaken by having sound sound-alike, look-alike names.

Established Name Recommended Name
acetohexamide
acetazolamide 		acetaHEXAMIDE
acetaZOLAMIDE
bupropion
buspirone 		buPROPion
busPIRone
chlorpromazine
chlorpropamide 		chlorproMAZINE
chlorproPAMIDE
clomiphene
clomipramine 		clomiPHENE
clomiPRAMINE
cyclosporine
cycloserine 		cycloSPORINE
cycloSERINE
daunorubicin
doxorubicin 		DAUNOrubicin
DOXOrubicin
dimenhydrinate
diphenhydramine 		dimenhyDRINATE
diphenhydrAMINE
dobutamine
dopamine 		DOBUTamine
DOPamine
glipizide
glyburide 		glipiZIDE
glyBURIDE
hydralazine
hydromorphone
hydroxyzine 		hydrALAZINE
HYDROmorphone
hydrOXYzine
medroxyprogesterone
methylprednisolone
methyltestosterone
mitoxantrone 		medroxyPROGESTERone
methylPREDNISolone
methylTESTOSTERone
mitoXANTRONE
nicardipine
nifedipine 		niCARdipine
NIFEdipine
prednisone
prednisolone 		predniSONE
prednisoLONE
risperidone
ropinirole 		risperiDONE
rOPINIRole
sulfadiazine
sulfisoxazole 		sulfADIAZINE
sulfiSOXAZOLE
tolazamide
tolbutamide 		TOLAZamide
TOLBUTamide
vinblastine
vincristine 		vinBLAStine
vinCRIStine

ISMP's list

The following is an Institute for Safe Medication Practices recommended list of drug names with tallman letters. The medications have been grouped to emphasize which medications are commonly mistaken by having sound sound-alike, look-alike names.

Established Name Recommended Name
alprazolam
lorazepam 		ALPRAZolam
LORazepam
amiloride
amlodipine 		aMILoride
amLODIPine
aripirazole
rabeprazole 		ARIPiprazole
RABEprazole
Avinza
Invanz 		AVINza
INVanz
azacitidine
azathioprine 		azaCITIDine
azaTHIOprine
carbamazepine
oxcarbazepine 		carBAMazepine
OXcarbazepine
carboplatin
cisplatin 		CARBOplatin
CISplatin
cefazolin
cefotetan
cefoxitin
ceftazidime
ceftriaxone 		ceFAZolin
cefoTEtan
cefOXitin
cefTAZidime
cefTRIAXone
Celebrex
Celexa 		CeleBREX
CeleXA
chlordiazepoxide
chlopromazine 		chlodiazePOXIDE
chlorproMAZINE
clonazepam
clonidine
clozapine
Klonopin
lorazepam 		clonazePAM
cloNIDine
cloZAPine
KlonoPIN
LORazepam
dactinomycin
daptomycin 		DACTINomycin
DAPTOmycin
docetaxel
paclitaxel 		DOCEtaxel
PACLitaxel
doxorubicin
idarubicin 		DOXOrubicin
IDArubicin
duloxetine
fluoxetine
paroxetine 		DULoxetine
FLUoxetine
PARoxetine
ephedrine
epinephrine 		ePHEDrine
EPINEPHrine
fentanyl
sufentanil 		fentaNYL
SUFentanil
flavoxate
fluphenazine
fluvoxamine 		flavoxATE
fluPHENAZine
fluvoxaMINE
guaifenesin
guanfacine 		guaiFENesin
guanFACINE
Humalog
Humulin 		HomaLOG
HumuLIN
hydrocodone
oxycodone
Oxycontin 		HYDROcodone
oxyCODONE
OxyCONTIN
hydromorphone
morphine 		HYDROmorphone
morphine
infliximab
rituximab 		inFLIXimab
riTUXimab
isotretinoin
tretinoin 		ISOtretinoin
tretinoin
Lamictal
Lamisil 		LaMICtal
LamISIL
lamivudine
lamotrigine 		lamiVUDine
lamoTRIgine
levetiracetam
levocarnitine 		levETIRAcetam
levOCARNitine
metformin
metronidazole 		metFORMIN
metroNIDAZOLE
mitomycin
mitoxantrone 		mitoMYcin
mitoXANtrone
Nexavar
Nexium 		NexAVAR
NexIUM
nicardipine
nifedipine
nimodipine 		niCARdipine
NIFEdipine
niMODipine
Novolin
Novolog 		NovoLIN
NovoLOG
olanzapine
quetiapine 		OLANZipine
QUEtiapine
pemetrexed
pralatrexate 		PEMEtrexed
PRALAtrexate
pentobarbital
phenobarbital 		PENTobarbital
PHENobarbital
Prilosec
Prozac 		PriLOSEC
PROzac
quinidine
quinine 		quiNIDine
quiNINE
Risperidal
risperidone
ropinirole 		RisperDAL
risperiDONE
rOPINIRole
romidepsin
romiplostim 		romiDEPsin
romiPLOStim
Sandimmune
Sandostatin 		SandIMMUNE
SandoSTATIN
Seroquel
Sinequan 		SEROquel
SINEquan
sitagliptin
sumatriptan
zolmitriptan 		sitaGLIPtin
SUMAtriptan
ZOLMitriptan
Solu-Cortef
Solu-Medrol 		Solu-CORTEF
Solu-MEDROL
sorafenib
sunitinib 		SORAfenib
SUNItinib
sulfadiazine
sulfasalazine 		sulfADIAZINE
sulfaSALAzine
Tegretol
Trental 		TEGretol
TRENtal
tiagabine
tizanidine 		tiaGABine
tiZANidine
tramadol
trazodone 		traMADol
traZODone
valacyclovir
valganciclovir 		valACYclovir
valGANciclovir
Zyprexa
Zyrtec 		ZyPREXA
ZyrTEC

Difficulties with tallman lettering

One of the difficulties with the use of tallman lettering includes inconsistent application in health settings and lack of standardization regarding which letters to present in uppercase.

See also

Five rights
MedWatch
Drug recalls
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
Antidote
Medication errors
High-alert medications
Barcoding technologies
Medication safety

References

  1. ISMP, FDA and ISMP Lists of Look-Alike Drug Names with Recommended Tall Man Letters, http://ismp.org/Tools/tallmanletters.pdf
  2. FDA, Name Differentiation Project, http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/MedicationErrors/ucm164587.htm
  3. Wikipedia, Tall man lettering, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_Man_lettering
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